The Indian Constitution, a living document, embodies the ethos of democracy and social justice. Its various provisions are designed to ensure not just legal equality but also to promote substantive equality among its citizens. Article 16 stands as a cornerstone in this endeavor, focusing on equality of opportunity in employment. This article presents an intricate balance between the principle of non-discrimination (Article 16(1)) and affirmative action (Article 16(4)), showcasing the Indian state’s commitment to creating a level playing field for all, especially the oppressed classes.